Back in the time of the Etruscans, there was already a settlement on the banks of the Arno, and it was here that the Romans established a veterans' colony for former legionnaires in 59 B.C.; in other words, at the time of Caesar. The colony was named Colonia Florentia, the "blossoming colony": perhaps because the fertile Arno Valley has such an abundance of flowers. There are a number of theories about the true origins of the name, but none of them is really convincing.

Because of its exposed location on the river in the midst of the hilly Tuscan landscape, the settlement was hardly suitable as a military base, so we can assume that right from the start it had primarily an agricultural function. Its defense was secured by the hilltop town of Resole, just a few miles away, an old stronghold of the Etruscans, in whose shadow the Colonia Florentia had a fairly insignificant existence for quite some time.

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